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gabriel[.]ethan[@gmail]
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Anatomy and Physiology
  • #Esswein
  • TODO
    • {{[[TODO]]}} Add ((yxM0a-XSj)) notes from EMT/AEMT notebook
    • {{[[TODO]]}} Add ((dPxc-8CmF)) notes from EMT/AEMT notebook
    • {{[[TODO]]}} Add ((fpEWDyPR5)) notes from EMT/AEMT notebook
    • {{[[TODO]]}} Take notes on ((-KP8AW39Q))
    • {{[[DONE]]}} Add ((xEaIZROW0)) notes from EMT/AEMT notebook
    • {{[[DONE]]}} Fill out the [[Cranial Nerves]] page
    • {{[[DONE]]}} Go into further depth in ((d6fcQWBRz))
  • Anatomy is the study of the makeup and structure of an organism
  • Physiology is the study of the processes and functions of the body
  • [[Body Chemicals]]
  • The cell is the basic functional unit of the body
    • Cells are extremely varied in shape and function, and each is specialized (differentiated) to complete a specific function
    • Cells use glucose and oxygen to release energy from organic compounds in a process called [[Cellular Respiration]]
  • The human body is primarily made up of four types of tissues
    • Epithelial
      • Covers the surface of the body and interior of hollow organs
      • Performs four essential functions
        • Physical protection
        • Permeability
        • Sensation
        • Specialized secretions (in gland cells)
      • Four types of membranes
        • Serous Membrane
          • Lines the inner walls of body cavities and excretes serous fluid which serves as lubrication
          • If it surrounds an organ, it is visceral
          • If it lines the cavity wall, it is parietal
        • Mucous Membrane
          • Similar to the Serous Membrane, instead excreting mucus which may protect as a barrier as well as lubrication
        • Cutaneous Membrane
          • Also known as the skin, this is the only dry membrane
        • Synovial Membrane
          • Thin barriers that line the joints, allowing for a smooth gliding action
    • Connective
      • The most abundant and widely distributed tissues
      • Includes bones, cartilage, fat, blood, and lymph
      • In some cases, ((t2_IHE-LO)) tissue may be replaced by connective tissue
        • i.e., scarring
      • Have several functions including but not limited to
        • Binding body structures
        • Providing support
        • Providing protection
        • Filling body spaces
        • Storing fat
        • Creating blood cells
      • In general, connective tissue does not receive as much blood supply as other types of tissue.
    • Muscle
      • ((Vam4qQAoT))
      • Contractile tissues creating the basis of movement in the body
      • Three types of muscle tissue
        • Striated (Voluntary), also known as skeletal, these muscles create what we think of as movement.
        • Non-striated (Involuntary), also known as smooth, these muscles are involuntary and allow automatic body functions such as digestion and breathing
        • Cardiac (Involuntary), found in the myocardium, these muscles beat automatically
    • Nervous
      • [[Cranial Nerves]], ((dPxc-8CmF))
      • Conduct electrical impulses to allow communication between the body and control structures
  • The Integumentary System
    • The largest single organ in the human body
    • It consists of two layers, the dermis and epidermis, and sits on a layer of subcutaneous fat
      • {{[[excalidraw]]}} {{-: Text elements in drawing: Epidermis ; Dermis ; Subcutaneous Fat ; Fascia ; Muscle }}
  • The Skeletal System
    • Made up of 206 bones in adults, 270 in infants
    • Bones may be either compact or trabecular
      • Compact bone is very dense, stiff, and heavy
      • Trabecular (or spongy) bone is made up of a fine, lacy network of structure and is filled with marrow. Trabecular bone is surrounded by compact bone and is found in the long bones of the body.
      • {{[[excalidraw]]}} {{-: Text elements in drawing: Compact ; Compact ; Trabecular/spongy }}
    • Axial Skeleton
      • Skull
      • Spinal Column
      • Ribs
    • Appendicular Skeleton
      • Joints
        • Joints are categorized according to the type of tissue making the joint, either fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial
        • Joints do not facilitate movement. For example, the skull plates are fused together with an immobile fibrous joint
      • Upper/Lower Extremities
        • Long Bones
          • {{[[excalidraw]]}} {{-: Text elements in drawing: Diaphysis (shaft) ; Epiphysis ; Metaphysis ; Epiphysis ; Metaphysis }}
      • Pelvis
  • The Musculoskeletal System
    • Provides form, upright posture, and protection to the human body
    • Muscle cells universally have four properties
      • Excitability, the ability to react to electrical impulses
      • Contractility, the ability to contract and shorten itself
      • Extensibility, the ability to stretch beyond its normal shape
      • Elasticity, the ability to return to its normal shape
    • In order to contract, calcium is released which binds to troponin and tropomyosin in actin, allowing myosin to hydrolyze ATP, binding to the actin chain and pulling it forwards.
      • {{[[excalidraw]]}} {{-: Text elements in drawing: Myosin ; Actin ; Myosin ; Actin ; Ca²⁺ ; ATP -> ADP + P ; (Binds to troponin and tropomyosin) ; (Binds myosin to actin) ; Myosin ; Actin ; Cannot bind to actin (blocked by troponin and tropomyosin) ; Contains troponin and tropomyosin ; Myosin ; Actin }}
  • The Nervous System
    • Neurons are cells which transmit messages, electric or chemical, through the body
      • Consists of dendrite, cell body, and axon
      • When a neuron activates, it sends transmitters from its axon to target receptors or other neurons
      • Neurotransmitters may be excitatory or inhibitory
    • Neuroglia are the support cells that provide protection and support for the neural tissue. Unlike neurons, neuroglia can divide and repair themselves
    • Central Nervous System (CNS)
      • Made up of the brain and spinal cord
        • The brain is divided into the cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and the brainstem. It is the controlling organ of the body
        • The brain has four protective mechanisms: bone, meninges*, blood-brain barrier, and cerebrospinal fluid
      • Surrounded by the meninges, consisting of the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater
        • {{[[excalidraw]]}} {{-: Text elements in drawing: Dura Mater ; Arachnoid ; Pia Mater ; Brain }}
    • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
  • The Respiratory System
    • Ventilation is the movement of air through the mouth or nose down into the lungs and back out
      • Air is pulled into the lungs via negative pressure created by a contraction of the diaphragm, cervical muscles, abdominal muscles, and intercostal muscles
      • The medulla initiates ventilation as a result of high pH* (carbonic acid) levels. Therefore, the ^^respiratory rate and depth is controlled to regulated the carbonic acid levels^^ (see [[Acid-Base Balance]])
        • The pons also has two areas that assist to augment the respiratory rate in the presence of physical or emotional state
        • There is a theoretic [[Hypoxic Respiratory Drive]] that is likely not a concern prehospitally
      • Inhalation is the active phase, as muscles are contracted to perform this phase, while exhalation is the passive phase, as the elasticity* of muscles is utilized to return to their normal shape, using positive pressure to push air out of the lungs
      • The primary muscle of ventilation, the diaphragm, is innervated around C3-C5
    • Respiration is the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen in both the alveoli and end tissues
      • Done passively through [[Diffusion]]
      • In this process, oxygen is added to the blood from inhaled air, transferred to the tissue, converted to adenosine triphosphate with the byproduct of carbon dioxide, and the carbon dioxide is carried to the lungs in the form of carbonic acid where it is transferred to the air in the form of carbon dioxide and water to be removed from the body
        • {{[[excalidraw]]}} {{-: Text elements in drawing: Oxygen in ; O2 -> ATP + CO2 ; O2 ; C2HO3 ; CO2 + H20 out }}
    • When a patient is artificially hyperventilating, as they would in an anxiety attack*, an excessive amount of CO2 is exhaled. Logically, as the body trends towards an alkalotic state, the respiratory rate should decrease to keep the PaCO2 between 35 and 45. However, the psychosomatic hyperventilation overrides the autonomic respiratory drive
      • Left uncorrected, this will likely lead to carpopedal spasm and RAS activation resulting in syncope. Allowing these patients to rebreathe exhaled CO2 will allow them to avoid such side effects of respiratory alkalosis
  • The Circulatory System
    • {{[[TODO]]}} Add information about clotting
    • The heart works as two paired pumps, each having an atrium which receives low pressure blood and a ventricle which distributes blood at a high pressure
      • {{[[TODO]]}} Excalidraw bloodflow through the heart
      • The heart receives its blood from the aorta
  • The Lymphatic System
    • Lymph supports the circulatory system and immune system
    • It is a thin fluid that carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and waste products away
      • Helps to rid the body of toxins
    • {{[[TODO]]}} Immunoglobins
  • The Endocrine System
    • Complex message and control system
    • integrates multiple body systems
    • Hormones are released directly into the bloodstream
      • epinephrine, norepinephrine, insulin
    • release controlled by brain
    • excesses or deficiencies can cause disease
    • pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, pancreas, adrenal gland, ovary/testis
    • pituitary gland regulates the rest
    • hormones can only trigger reactions in specific cells that have receptors for that hormone-target cells